Slavery: The first enslaved Africans were brought to Virginia in 1619. An agent would then sell this contract to a planter in the colonies. #Apush coursenotes for free#
Under this system, a potential immigrant in England would agree to contract to work as an indentured servant for a certain number of years in America (usually four to seven) in exchange for free passage.
Indentured Servitude: To bring lower-class agrarian workers to America, wealthy Virginians employed the system of indentured servitude. New immigrants were enticed to come to the Chesapeake region with the offer of 50 acres, called a head-right, upon arrival. Head-right: The leaders of the Chesapeake colonies used a variety of methods to bring workers to the New World. By 1700, the American colonies were exporting more than 35 million pounds of tobacco a year. With its addictive properties, tobacco soon became extremely popular in Europe and hugely profitable for the Chesapeake Bay region. The first shipments were sent to England in 1617. Tobacco: Following a difficult beginning, marked by disease, starvation, and resistance by native peoples, the colonists of Virginia began the successful cultivation of tobacco. However, when the American Indians could not supply a sufficient amount of corn for their English neighbors, the English initiated raids on Powhatan’s people. Powhatan: The local Algonquian-speaking people, led by their chief, Powhatan, father of Pocahontas, traded corn with the Jamestown settlers at first. The colonists were not prepared to establish a community, grow crops, and sustain themselves. The Jamestown colony nearly collapsed during its first few years of existence. King James I chartered the company and granted territory in the New World. Investors in England formed a joint-stock company, the Virginia Company, to fund the expedition. Jamestown: The first settlers to Jamestown arrived in 1607. The Crown, guided by mercantilist principles granted charters to these joint-stock companies, such as the East India Company. Joint-stock Companies: Entrepreneurs established a domestic wool-processing industry, while merchants began to establish joint-stock companies, laying claim to exclusive trading rights in different regions. Formal transfer to the English occurred in 1667, as part of the settlement following the Second Anglo-Dutch War. James, the Duke of York: Charles II granted the colony of New Amsterdam to his brother James, the Duke of York, who renamed it New York. The outnumbered and outgunned Stuyvesant surrendered in 1664 without a fight. The king sent a fleet of warships to New Amsterdam. However, King Charles II of England soon set his sights on the “Dutch wedge,” which divided England’s holdings in North America. King Charles II of England: New Amsterdam became a center for the thriving trade in beaver furs and a growing commercial seaport town. Fort Amsterdam was soon built at the southern tip of Manhattan and a settlement was begun near the fort the following year. A settlement was established in 1624 on what is now Governor’s Island, in New York Harbor. New Amsterdam: The administrative seat, and most important settlement of New Netherland, was New Amsterdam. By this treaty, the Dutch formally relinquished control of New Amsterdam. It was captured by a Dutch expedition in 1667 and was formally transferred to the Dutch as part of the Treaty of Breda, following the Second Anglo-Dutch War, 1665–1667. Earlier, in the 1650s, the British had established a colony there. 
The Treaty of Breda: In the seventeenth century, the Dutch obtained control of the colony of Surinam, in South America.The children of these marriages were known as Métis-an old French word for “mixed” or “mixed-blood.” Métis: Intermarriage with American Indians was common in these far-flung French colonies.
Port Royal: The first permanent French settlements were Port Royal (1605), in what would later become Nova Scotia, and Quebec (1608), founded by Samuel de Champlain.Viceroyalty of Peru: The southern portion of Spain’s New World empire, consisting of Spanish holdings in South America and headquartered in Lima.Viceroyalty of New Spain: The northern portion of Spain’s New World empire with headquarters in Mexico City.However, Spain’s empire remained highly exploitative of native labor.
Repartimiento System: The Spanish government replaced the encomienda system with the repartimiento system-banning outright Indian slavery and mandating that Indian laborers be paid wages.This system led to harsh treatment of Indians. Under this system, the initial Spanish settlers in the Americas were granted the right to extract labor from local inhabitants. By 1550, Spain abandoned the encomienda system. Encomienda System: The basis of Spain’s New World empire was the exploitation of the labor of native peoples.
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